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STUDI ANALISIS KETIDAKSEIMBANGAN BEBAN PADA TRANSFORMATOR DISTRIBUSI DAN EFEKNYA TERHADAP KINERJA TRANSFORMATOR SERTA ALIRAN DAYA DI PT. PLN (PERSERO) UP3 PALU MENGGUNAKAN DIGSILENT POWER FACTORY

Rahmat Hidayat — 2026-07-14

Load imbalance in distribution transformers is one of the common issues in electric power distribution systems that can lead to increased neutral current, higher power losses, and degradation of voltage quality. This study aims to investigate the effect of load imbalance on the performance of distribution transformers and power flow characteristics in the electrical distribution system of PT. PLN (Persero) UP3 Palu. The research was conducted using a quantitative method with a simulation approach through DIgSILENT PowerFactory software, based on transformer, load, current, and voltage data from the Flaminggo feeder. Simulations were carried out under unbalanced and balanced load conditions to analyze differences in electrical parameters, including phase currents, neutral current, voltage, as well as active, reactive, and apparent power. The results indicate that load imbalance conditions cause an increase in neutral current and power losses and a decrease in voltage quality, whereas under balanced load conditions, transformer performance and power flow profiles exhibit more stable behavior. Therefore, it can be concluded that load imbalance has a significant impact on the performance of distribution transformers and power flow systems.

STUDI PERENCANAAN SISTEM PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK HYBRID (PLTB DAN PLTS) SEBAGAI SUMBER ENERGI DI PERMUKIMAN TRANSMIGRASI DESA TOKALA ATAS, KABUPATEN MOROWALI UTARA BERBASIS SIMULASI HOMER

Bintang Adi Tama — 2026-07-14

The Transmigration Settlement of Tokala Atas Village, North Morowali Regency, still experiences limited electricity supply characterized by power outages and voltage drops, thus requiring a more reliable alternative energy source. This study aims to design and analyze a hybrid Wind Power Plant–Solar Power Plant (PLTB–PLTS) system as a solution for energy provision in the area. The methods used include manual calculations as well as system simulation and optimization using HOMER Pro to obtain the optimal technical and economic configuration. Based on manual calculations, the total annual energy production of the PLTB–PLTS system is 187,383 kWh/year. After optimization, in Scenario 1 (PLTB–PLTS) the total energy production becomes 165,904 kWh/year, while in Scenario 2 (PLTB–PLTS–PLN) it increases to 335,777 kWh/year. From an economic perspective, the manual calculation results in a Total NPC of IDR 8,542,099,000.00 with a COE of IDR 4,134.18/kWh. Scenario 1 produces a Total NPC of IDR 5,139,394,000.00 with a COE of IDR 2,591.60/kWh, and Scenario 2 results in a Total NPC of IDR 3,411,163,000.00 with a COE of IDR 813.32/kWh. The results indicate that the PLTB–PLTS–PLN configuration in Scenario 2 provides the highest energy production and a more stable and reliable system in meeting the electrical load demand at the study location.

The ANALISIS KETIDAKSEIMBANGAN BEBAN DAN RUGI DAYA AKIBAT ARUS NETRAL DI PENYULANG GI GORONTALO BARU

Yasin Mohamad — 2026-07-14

The State Electricity Company (PT.PLN Persero) is a company authorized by the government to handle electricity in Indonesia. Distribution lines are an important component in the distribution of electrical power, therefore power losses in distribution lines must be small so that the received electrical power must be close to the transmitted electrical power. This study discusses electrical power losses and load imbalances in the 20 KV medium voltage primary distribution line at the Gorontalo Baru Substation (GOBAR) feeder. The method used in this study is through data collection of load current measurements for each phase, neutral current (N), and neutral conductor resistance (RN) from seven feeders with a total of 297 distribution transformers. The data is processed using the load imbalance equation and active power loss calculations. The analysis is carried out by comparing the imbalance value to the PLN standard (SK ED PLN No. 0017.E/DIR/2014). The results of the study show that the number of transformers in the GOBAR GI feeder that have an imbalance value exceeding the standard limit or in the bad category is 71 transformers and the amount of power losses experienced by the GOBAR GI is 1423.01 kW outside peak load times and for peak load times of 3051.115 kW. Judging from these losses, so that inter-phase load balancing is an important step in increasing the efficiency and reliability of the electric power distribution system.

IMPLEMENTASI ALGORITMA FUZZY PID UNTUK PENGATURAN KECEPATAN MOTOR BLDC PADA PENGGERAK SEPEDA LISTRIK

Badriawan Badriawam — 2026-07-14

The development of electric vehicle technology, particularly electric bicycles, requires a speed control system that is stable, responsive, and accurate in order to improve comfort and operational efficiency. The Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) motor is widely used as the driving system of electric bicycles due to its high efficiency, high starting torque, and long service life. However, conventional speed control methods still have limitations in maintaining stability under system variations. This study aims to implement a Fuzzy-PID algorithm for speed control of a 500Watt, 48 Volt BLDC motor based on the ARM STM32F412 microcontroller. The Fuzzy method is employed to adaptively adjust the PID parameters (Kp, Ki, and Kd) based on the error and delta error values, thereby improving the performance of the PID controller. Testing was conducted at several reference speed variations, namely 221 RPM, 265 RPM, 307 RPM, 352 RPM, 398 RPM, and 440 RPM, without load variations. The experimental results show that the Fuzzy-PID control system provides a more stable response compared to the conventional PID without Fuzzy logic, characterized by smaller overshoot, faster settling time, and lower steady-state error. Consequently, the motor speed can be maintained closer to the desired setpoint.

ANALISIS PENYEBAB LOSSES DAYA AKIBAT GANGGUAN JARINGAN DISTRIBUSI 20 KV MENGGUNAKAN METODE FAULT TREE ANALYSIS DAN FAILURE MODE AND EFFECT ANALYSIS

Ahmad Sidik — 2026-07-14

Disturbances in 20 kV medium-voltage distribution networks have a significant impact on increasing power losses and reducing system reliability. This study aims to identify and analyze the causes of power losses resulting from distribution network disturbances by applying Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) and Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA), supported by simulations using ETAP software. The FTA method is employed to determine the root causes of disturbances through cause–effect relationships within the distribution system, while FMEA is used to evaluate the risk level of each failure mode by calculating the Risk Priority Number (RPN). Furthermore, ETAP simulations are conducted to assess active and reactive power losses as well as voltage profiles before and after technical improvements are implemented. The analysis results indicate that power losses are caused by several factors, including insulator damage, conductor or power cable failures, cable joint defects, distribution transformer issues, environmental disturbances, and protection equipment failures such as fuses and reclosers. Based on the RPN values, components with the highest risk levels are prioritized for corrective actions. ETAP simulation results demonstrate that transformer tap adjustment, conductor cross-section replacement, and capacitor bank installation effectively reduce power losses and improve voltage quality. This study is expected to serve as a reference for enhancing the efficiency and reliability of power distribution systems.

ANALISIS SISTEM PENTANAHAN BERDASARKAN JENIS TANAH DAN NILAI RESISTANSI: STUDI KASUS RT 16 KELURAHAN DAMAI BAHAGIA, BALIKPAPAN

Taqiyuddin — 2026-07-14

An effective grounding system is a crucial aspect of electrical safety, as it can prevent electrical accidents and equipment damage. However, proper grounding planning requires a thorough understanding of the soil type and resistivity values at the site. Different soil types have varying characteristics, such as moisture content, density, and chemical composition, which can affect the soil resistivity. Sample data were collected in RT 16, Damai Bahagia subdistrict, Balikpapan City. The depth of the main rod to be measured was varied at current electrode distances of 10 m and 14 m, then at varying depths between 0.5 m and 1.75 m. A linear regression approach was used to determine resistivity values of 5 ohms or lower. The results showed that at different current electrode distances, grounding resistivity values of less than 5 ohms were achieved at relatively similar depths, namely 2.1 m or greater. This was influenced by the relatively uniform type of guard in each soil layer, namely swampy soil.

PERANCANGAN DAN STUDI KELAYAKAN PLTS OFF-GRID UNTUK SPKLU DI KANTOR PT.PLN (PERSERO) UP3 PALU MENGGUNAKAN HOMER PRO

Muh Firman — 2026-07-14

The number of electric vehicle users in Indonesia continues to increase in line with efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector. However, electric vehicle charging is still largely supplied by electricity generated from fossil fuel-based energy sources. Therefore, the utilization of renewable energy, particularly through Solar Power Plants (SPP), is required. Palu City has significant solar energy potential, with an average solar irradiation of 5.1 kWh/m²/day, making it suitable to support the operation of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations (EVCS). This study aims to design an off-grid solar power system as a zero-emission energy source for an EVCS. The system design and optimization were carried out using HOMER Pro version 3.18.3 to determine the optimal configuration of photovoltaic panels and battery storage, followed by an economic feasibility analysis. The results indicate that the optimal system consists of a 105 kWp solar PV array, 9 MPPT units, and 27 battery units. Economic analysis shows that the project is feasible, with a Net Present Value (NPV) of IDR 868,926,819,51, a Payback Period (PP) of 9.12 years, and a Cost of Energy (COE) of IDR 2,004/kWh over a project lifetime of 25 years.